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Julius Firmicus Maternus was a Latin writer and notable astrologer, who received a pagan classical education that made him conversant with Greek; he lived in the reign of Constantine I and his successors. His triple career made him a public advocate, an astrologer and finally a Christian apologist.〔Johannes Quasten, Walter J. Burghardt, and Thomas Comerford Lawlor, eds. ''Firmicus Maternus: The Error of the Pagan Religions, Issue 37'' (1970): "Life of Firmicus" p3..〕 ==Life and works== The ''explicit'', or end-tag, of the sole surviving manuscript of his ''De errore profanarum religionum'' ("On the error of profane religions") gives his name as ''Iulius Firmicus Maternus V() C()'', identifying him as a member of the Senatorial class. He was also author of the most extensive surviving text of Roman astrology, ''Matheseos libri octo'' ("Eight books of astrology") written ''c.'' 334-37),〔Internal evidence summarized by Quasten ''et al.'' 1970: "Life of Firmicus" p. 4.〕 of which manuscripts further identify him as ''Iunior'' and ''Siculus'', "of Sicily."〔Firmicus states explicitly that he was of Syracusan birth (''oriundo'') in ''Matheseos'' 1.4.〕 The lunar crater Firmicus was named in his honour. The ''Matheseos'' was dedicated to the governor of Campania, Lollianus Mavortius, whose knowledge of the subject inspired Firmicus, and whose encouragement supported him during the composition of this handbook. It is among the last extensive handbooks〔The text by Paulus Alexandrinus of 378 is an introduction to the subject.〕 of a "scientific" astrology that circulated in the West before the appearance of Arabic texts in the 12th century.〔Quasten ''et al. 1970:6.〕 Augustine of Hippo, drawn to astrology in his youth in the mid-fourth century,〔''Confessions'': "“These impostors, whom they designate astrologers, I consulted without hesitation, because they used no sacrifices and invoked the aid of no spirit for their divination.”.〕 fulminated against the study's impieties, in part based on the astrologers' view that the planets were divinities, but also on rational grounds, taking, for instance, the divergent careers of twins.〔''Confessions'': "Why, in the life of twins—in their actions, the events that befall them, their professions, arts, honors and other things pertaining to human life, as well as in their very deaths—is there often so great a difference that, as far as these things are concerned, many entire strangers are more like them than they are like each other, though separated at birth by the smallest interval of time but at conception generated by the same act and at the same moment?”〕 The Neoplatonist astrological work was first printed by Aldus Manutius in 1501, and has often been reprinted. About the year 346〔There is a clear reference to Constans' expedition in Britain in 343.〕 he composed ''De errore profanarum religionum'', which he dedicated to Constantius II and Constans, the sons of Constantine, and which is still extant. He holds up to scorn the religious beliefs and practices of pagans and implores the Emperor to stamp out the old religions as a sacred duty which will be rewarded by God.〔(Patrick J. Healy, "Firmicus Maternus", ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (1909), )〕 In the first part (chs. 1‑17) he attacks the false objects of worship among the Oriental cults; in the second (chs. 18‑29) he discusses a number of formulae and rites connected with the mysteries, with particular attention and animus toward alleged homosexual practices.〔Louis Crompton, ''Homosexuality and Civilization'', Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003, p. 132; the passage is in ''De errore'' 12.2.〕 For 19th-century readers ''De errore profanarum religionum'' provided such a sharp contrast with Firmicus' book on astrology (commonly referred to as the ''Matheseos''), that the two works were generally attributed to different writers. However, Clifford Herschel Moore soundly identified the single authorship of the two works, by idiosyncratic choices of vocabulary and syntax, in a dissertation overseen by Eduard Wölfflin (1897).〔Johannes Quasten, Walter J. Burghardt, and Thomas Comerford Lawlor, eds. ''Firmicus Maternus: The Error of the Pagan Religions, Issue 37'' (1970): "Life of Firmicus" .〕 Theodor Mommsen has shown that the ''Mathesis'' was composed in the year 336 and not in 354 as was formerly held, thus making it an earlier work than ''De errore profanarum religionum''; modern readers who find astrology incompatible with Early Christianity〔Such as the editors of the ''Catholic Encyclopedia'': "This theory of course supposes that the author wrote one work before, the other after, his conversion.".〕 argue that it would have been written prior to Firmicus' conversion to Christianity. The Christian work is preserved in a single manuscript from the Bibliotheca Palatina, now in the Vatican library. It was first printed at Strasbourg in 1562, and has been reprinted several times, both separately and combined with the polemical writings of Minucius Felix, Cyprian or Arnobius.〔Editions by Conrad Bursian (1856), and by Karl Felix Halm, in his ''Minucius Felix'' (''Corpus Scrip. Eccles. Lat.'' ii, 1867)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Julius Firmicus Maternus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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